Effect of urine collection period on the estimation of urinary volume and purine derivatives in crossbred goats
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the appropriate adaptation period for metabolic evaluation and the ideal time for spot sample collection in goats. For this, an entirely randomized experimental design was used with four adaptation periods (9, 13, 17, and 21 days) and six sample collection times (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours). Ten Anglo-Nubian x SRD crossbred male goats, approximately 210 days old with an average initial body weight of 25 kg, were randomly distributed across the experimental treatments. The experiment lasted 50 days. The goats were fed twice a day with a diet consisting of 20% roughage and 80% concentrate, following the NRC (2007) recommendations for a daily weight gain of 180g/day. The diet was composed of Tifton-85 hay and a concentrate based on ground corn, soybean meal, and a mineral mix containing monensin (2.7mg/kg DM) or doses of piperidine alkaloids from the algaroba pod (APA) (9.2, 18.4, and 27.6mg/kg DM) as well as a control concentrate without additives. The adaptation periods were 9, 13, 17, and 21 days for evaluating urinary excretions (allantoin, xanthine, hypoxanthine, total purine derivatives, creatinine) by comparing total collection with spot and hourly samples. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) between adaptation days and collection times; however, to ensure greater data consistency, it is recommended to use at least 17 days of adaptation to enhance the dietary efficiency for the animals.
Keywords: Ionophores; microbial protein; ruminant nutrition.
Downloads
References
1. Tan P, Liu H, Zhao J, et al. Amino acids metabolism by rumen microorganisms: nutrition and ecology strategies to reduce nitrogen emissions from the inside to the outside. Sci. Total Environ. 2021; 149596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149596
2. Lima J, Ingabire W, Roehe R, et al. Estimating microbial protein synthesis in the rumen—can ‘omics’ methods provide new insights into a long-standing question? Vet. Sci. 2023; 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120679
3. Chen XB, Gomes M. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives: an overview of the technical details. 1992. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265323654_Estimation_of_Microbial_Protein_Supply_to_Sheep_and_Cattle_Based_on_Urinary_Excretion_of_Purine_Derivatives_-_An_Overview_of_Technical_Details
4. Kozloski GV, Fiorentini G, Härter CJ, et al. Uso da creatinina como indicador da excreção urinária em ovinos. Ciênc. Rural 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782005000100015
5. Chen XB, Grubic G, Ørskov ER, et al. Effect of feeding frequency on diurnal variation in plasma and urinary purine derivatives in steers. Anim. Sci. 1992; 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100037442
6. Ma T, Deng KD, Tu Y, et al. Effect of dietary concentrate: forage ratios and undegraded dietary protein on nitrogen balance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Dorper × thin-tailed Han crossbred lambs. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2014; 161–168. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13338
7. Zhou JW, Mi JD, Degen AA, et al. Urinary purine derivatives excretion, rumen microbial nitrogen synthesis and the efficiency of utilization of recycled urea in Tibetan and fine-wool sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2017; 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.005
8. Hristov AN, Bannink A, Crompton LA, et al. Invited review: Nitrogen in ruminant nutrition: A review of measurement techniques J. Dairy Sci. 2019; 5811–5852. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15829
9. Valadares RFD, Gonçalves LC, Rodriguez NM, et al. Níveis de proteína em dietas de bovinos. 4. Concentrações de amônia ruminal e ureia plasmática e excreções de ureia e creatinina. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 1997; 1270–1278. https://www.iz.sp.gov.br/pdfs/1438972735.pdf
10. Barbosa AM, Valadares RFD, Valadares Filho SC, et al. Efeito do período de coleta de urina, dos níveis de concentrado e de fontes proteicas sobre a excreção de creatinina, de ureia e de derivados de purina e a produção microbiana em bovinos Nelore. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 2006; 870–877. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000300033
11. NRC, National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids and new world camelids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2007. 384 p.
12. Pereira TCDJ, Pereira MLA, Carvalho GGP, et al. Creatinine as a urinary marker of the purine derivatives excretion in urine spot samples of lambs fed peach palm meal. Animals 2022; 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091195
13. Naqvi SMK, Kumar D, De K, et al. Climate change and water availability for livestock: impact on both quality and quantity. In: Climate change impact on livestock: adaptation and mitigation. 2015; 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2265-1_6
14. Dos Santos ET, Pereira MLA, Da Silva CFP, et al. Antibacterial activity of the alkaloid-enriched extract from Prosopis juliflora pods and its influence on in vitro ruminal digestion. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013; 8496–8516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14048496
15. Skotnicka E, Muszczyński Z, Dudzińska W, et al. A review of the renal system and diurnal variations of renal activity in livestock. Ir. Vet. J. 2007; 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-0481-60-3-161
16. Cholewińska P, Górniak W, Wojnarowski K. Impact of selected environmental factors on microbiome of the digestive tract of ruminants. BMC Vet. Res. 2021; 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02742-y
17. Topps JH, Elliott RC. Partition of nitrogen in the urine of African sheep given a variety of low-protein diets. Anim. Sci. 1967; 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100038484
18. Saeed OA, Sazili AQ, Akit H, et al. Effect of corn supplementation on purine derivatives and rumen fermentation in sheep fed PKC and urea-treated rice straw. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2018; 1859–1864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1636-1
19. Rennó LN, Valadares RFD, Leão MI, et al. Estimativa da produção de proteína microbiana pelos derivados de purinas na urina em novilhos. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 2000; 1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982000000400037
20. Dos Santos ACS, Santos SA, Carvalho GGP, et al. A comparative study on the excretion of urinary metabolites in goats and sheep to evaluate spot sampling applied to protein nutrition trials. J. Anim. Sci. 2018; 3381–3397. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky198
21. Chizzotti ML, Valadares Filho SC, Valadares RFD, et al. Determination of creatinine excretion and evaluation of spot urine sampling in Holstein cattle. Livest. Sci. 2008; 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.03.013
22. Chen XB, Mejia AT, Kyle DJ, et al. Evaluation of the use of the purine derivative: creatinine ratio in spot urine and plasma samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants: studies in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. 1995; 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185960007458X
23. George SK, Verma AK, Mehra UR, et al. Evaluation of purine metabolites–creatinine index to predict the rumen microbial protein synthesis from urinary spot samples in Barbari goats. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2011; 509–525. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66205/2011
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Brazilian Animal Science/ Ciência Animal Brasileira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Data statement
-
The research data is available on demand, condition justified in the manuscript
