Dynamics of immunity in Holstein calves during the neonatal period: evaluation of leukogram, cytokine gene expression, and T lymphocytes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v26e-80457EAbstract
The immune system of neonatal calves is immature and highly susceptible to diseases, which poses significant challenges to their survival. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response of calves during the first 30 days of life, focusing on leukogram analysis, T lymphocyte immunophenotyping (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) via flow cytometry, and cytokine gene expression of IL-10 and IL-12 through real-time PCR. The findings revealed that the calf immune system undergoes a postnatal adaptation process, as evidenced by variations in total and differential leukocyte counts, with a gradual increase in lymphocytes by day 30 and fluctuations in granulocytes and monocytes. The lowest percentages of T lymphocytes and the lowest CD4+ to CD8+ ratio were observed on the third day of life, followed by a gradual recovery. IL-10 expression was detected on days 1, 3, 10, and 25, whereas IL-12 expression was observed on days 1, 3, and 30. These cytokines indicate a dynamic balance between Th1 (pro-inflammatory) and Th2 (anti- nflammatory) responses, suggesting efficient immunological regulation to mitigate excessive inflammation and combat pathogens. Therefore, the calf immune system undergoes an adaptation and maturation phase, as evidenced by immune response modulation observed in leukocyte variations and cytokine expression.
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