Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors in focal properties of equine infectious anemia in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v25e-78756EAbstract
In Brazil, equine infectious anemia (EIA) infection is widespread in various regions,
with variable prevalence levels. The objective of this work was to determine the epidemiological
characteristics that could contribute to its dissemination on the western border of Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil. To accomplish this, an epidemiological questionnaire was administered to equine owners
who had experienced EIA-positive animals on their properties from 2009 to 2019. The interviewees
were contacted via phone calls, and the questions aimed to identify patterns among properties, on
animal management, health, and owner’s knowledge about the infection. The primary information
was acquired from the data of the Official Veterinary Service (OVS) through data compilation and
tabulation of the official forms. Additionally, the same questionnaire was applied to properties without
records of the infection, as control. The results were analyzed using forward logistic regression to
explore potential risk associations. Out of a total of 123 focal properties, 28 interviews were completed,
six were interrupted or declined, 55 did not respond to phone calls, and 34 had outdated contact
information. Among the 30 control properties, 15 agreed to participate in the survey. The results
suggest that breeding, management, and sanitary control practices are Similar between focal and
control properties. Only two related risk factors could be distinguished for properties that have never
engaged in these practices, which were animal transit outside the property and contact with other
horses. In addition, it was observed that the official register is outdated for a significant number of
properties.
Downloads
References
Cook RF, Leroux C, Issel CJ. Equine infectious anemia and equine infectious anemia virus in 2013: a review. Veterinary Microbiology 2013;167(1-2):181-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.031
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.031
World Organisation for Animal Health. Equine Infectious Anemia. 2019:1-7. https://www.woah.org/en/what-wedo/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/?id=169&L=1&htmfile=glossaire.htm#terme_manuel_terrestre (accessed February 19, 2023).
Câmara RJF, Bueno BL, Resende CF, Balasuriya UBR, Sakamoto SM, Reis JKPD. (2020). Viral diseases that affect donkeys and mules. Animals. 2020;10(12):e2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122203
» https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122203
Scicluna MT, Issel CJ, Cook FR, Manna G, Cersini A, Rosone F, et al. Is a diagnostic system based exclusively on agar gel immunodiffusion adequate for controlling the spread of equine infectious anaemia? Veterinary Microbiology. 2013;165(1-2):123-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETMIC.2013.02.027
» https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VETMIC.2013.02.027
Walker PJ, Siddell SG, Lefkowitz EJ, Mushegian AR, Adriaenssens EM, Alfenas-Zerbini P, et al. Recent changes to virus taxonomy ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2022). Archives of Virology. 2022;167:2429-2440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05516-5
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05516-5
Bicout DJ, Carvalho R, Chalvet-Monfray K, Sabatier P. Distribution of equine infectious anemia in horses in the north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2006;18(5):479-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800
» https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800
Oliveira FG, Cook RF, Naves JHF, Oliveira CHS, Diniz RS, Freitas FJC, et al. Equine infectious anemia prevalence in feral donkeys from Northeast Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2017;140:30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.015
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.02.015
Barros ML, Borges AMCM, de Oliveira ACS, Lacerda W, de A, Aguiar DM. Spatial distribution and risk factors for equine infectious anaemia in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2018;37(3):971-983. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.37.3.2900
» https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.37.3.2900
Bolfa P, Barbuceanu F, Leau SE, Leroux C. Equine infectious anaemia in Europe: time to re-examine the efficacy of monitoring and control protocols? Equine Veterinary Journal. 2016;48(2):140-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12466
» https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12466
Moraes DDA, Gonçalves VSP, Mota ALAA, Borges JRJ. Situação epidemiológica da anemia infecciosa equina em equídeos de tração do Distrito Federal. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. 2017;37(10):1074-1078. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2017001000006
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2017001000006
Rebelatto MC, Oliveira C, Welblen R, Silva SF, Oliveira LSS. Serological diagnosis of equine infectious anaemia virus infection in the central region of the Rio Grande do Sul State. Ciência Rural. 1992;22(2):179-196. https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/X34C957fvQ6d87687NWkSPt/?format=pdf⟨=en
» https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/X34C957fvQ6d87687NWkSPt/?format=pdf⟨=en
Almeida VMA, Gonçalves VSP, Martins MF, Haddad JPA, Dias RA, Leite RC, et al. Anemia infecciosa eqüina: prevalência em eqüídeos de serviço em Minas Gerais. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2006;58(2):141-148. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352006000200001
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352006000200001
Pádua BR, Dias RA, Fioravanti MCS, Borsanelli AC. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with equine infectious anemia in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2022;209:e105781. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2022.105781
» https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PREVETMED.2022.105781
Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Instrução Normativa no 17. Programa Nacional de Sanidade dos Eqüídeos (PNSE), de 8 de maio de 2018. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sanidade-animal-e-vegetal/saude-animal/programas-de-saude-animal/INM00000017.pdf
Rio Grande do Sul. Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária, Produção Sustentável e Irrigação. Programa Estadual de Sanidade Equina. https://www.agricultura.rs.gov.br/pese
» https://www.agricultura.rs.gov.br/pese
Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Instrução Normativa no 45. Normas para Prevenção e Controle da Anemia Infecciosa Equina (AIE), de 15 de junho de 2004.: https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sanidade-animal-e-vegetal/saude-animal/programas-de-saudeanimal/INM00000045.pdf
Barzoni CS, Nogueira DMP, Marques GD, Diehl GN, Pellegrini DCP, Brum MCS. Equine infectious anemia in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ciencia Rural 2018;48(6):e20170809. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170809
» https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170809
Machado G, Corbellini LG, Frias-De-Diego A, Dieh GN, Santos DV, Jara M, et al. Impact of changes of horse movement regulations on the risks of equine infectious anemia: A risk assessment approach. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2021;190:e105319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105319
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105319
Cardenas NC, Sanchez F, Lopes FPN, Machado G. Coupling spatial statistics with social network analysis to estimate distinct risk areas of disease circulation to improve risk-based surveillance. Transboundary and Emerging Disease. 2022;69(5):e2757-2768. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14627
» https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14627
Rio Grande do Sul. Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária, Produção Sustentável e Irrigação. Decreto no 52.434. Medidas de Defesa Sanitária Animal, de 26 de junho de 2015. https://www.agricultura.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/201708/21160316-novo-decreto-52-434.pdf
» https://www.agricultura.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/201708/21160316-novo-decreto-52-434.pdf
Costa E, Nogueira Diehl G, Santos DV, Silva APSP. Panorama da Equinocultura no Rio Grande do Sul. A Hora Veterinária. 2013;196:45-49. https://www.agricultura.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/201612/02101333-inftec-50panorama-da-equinocultura-no-rio-grande-do-sul.pdf
Baldacchino F, Desquesnes M, Mihok S, Foil LD, Duvallet G, Jittapalapong S. Tabanids: Neglected subjects of research, but important vectors of disease agents! Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2014;28:596-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.029
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.029
Issel CJ, Foil LD. Equine infectious anaemia and mechanical transmission: man and the wee beasties. Revue Scientifique et Technique. 2015;34(2):513-523. https://doc.woah.org/dyn/portal/index.xhtml?page=alo&aloId=32979
» https://doc.woah.org/dyn/portal/index.xhtml?page=alo&aloId=32979
Lucas M, Krolow TK, Riet-Correa F, Barros ATM, Krüger RF, Saravia A, et al. Diversity and seasonality of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Uruguay. Scientific Reports 2020;10:401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57356-0
» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57356-0
Barros ATM, Foil LD. The influence of distance on movement of tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) between horses. Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;144(3-4):380-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.041
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.041
Williams D, Issel C, Steelman C, Adams WJ, Benton C. Studies with equine infectious anemia virus: transmission attempts by mosquitoes and survival of virus on vector mouthparts and hypodermic needles, and in mosquito tissue culture. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1981;42(9):1469-1473.
Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Revisão do estudo do complexo do agronegócio do cavalo. 2016. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/camaras-setoriais-tematicas/documentos/camarassetoriais/equideocultura/anos-anteriores/revisao-do-estudo-do-complexo-do-agronegocio-do-cavalo/view
Resende CF, Santos AM, Cook RF, Victor RM, Câmara RJF, Gonçalves GP, Lima JG, Maciel e Silva AG, Leite RC, Reis JKP. Low transmission rates of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in foals born to seropositive feral mares inhabiting the Amazon delta region despite climatic conditions supporting high insect vector populations. BMC Veterinary Research. 2022;18(1):286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03384-4
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Brazilian Animal Science/ Ciência Animal Brasileira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
