Land use change and greenhouse gas emissions: an explanation about the main emission drivers
Abstract
Global warming is attributed to the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Land use changes significantly impact
on GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 44% of the country’s emissions in 2019. This
review addresses the main pathways of GHG formation in the soil, focusing on the influence of land
use changes on GHG emissions. It is found that soil CO2 emissions are related to root respiration,
microorganisms, and organic matter (OM) decomposition in the soil. Changes in land use can alter soil
characteristics, favoring increased CO2 emissions. Soil CH4 emissions occur under anaerobic conditions
by methanogenic microorganisms; however, land use changes, such as forest conversion to pasture,
can increase CH4 emissions due to a higher concentration of methanogenic microorganisms in the
soil. On the other hand, N2O is produced in the soil during nitrification and denitrification processes by
microorganisms, and nitrogen fertilization in agricultural areas can increase N2O emissions, especially
when associated with soil moisture and the availability of organic carbon. It is important to understand
the dynamics of GHG formation and emissions resulting from land use changes because efficient
management strategies can reduce these emissions and contribute to Brazil’s goals for GHG reduction
as established in international agreements.
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