O uso de grupos indicadores como atalho para a conservação da biodiversidade
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5216/rbn.v7i2.15457Abstract
Diante da atual crise da biodiversidade, exercícios que identificam grupos indicadores capazes de representar a diversidade como um todo tornaram-se imprescindíveis para a proposição de estratégias eficazes de conservação. Tais grupos ajudam a direcionar ações, reduzindo o tempo para as tomadas de decisão. Independentemente do grupo indicador utilizado, todas as estratégias de conservação atuais assentam-se sobre o arcabouço conceitual do planejamento sistemático da conservação, em que as seleções de áreas a serem conservadas devem obedecer ao critério da complementaridade. Ademais, as estratégias atuais devem levar em conta diferentes aspectos da biodiversidade (como diversidade funcional), além da riqueza de espécies. Neste artigo, revisamos e discutimos as diferentes aplicações do uso de grupos indicadores como atalho para a proposição de planos integrados de conservação. Apresentamos, ainda, sugestões práticas para a aplicação de grupos indicadores com vistas à conservação de diferentes aspectos da biodiversidade. Sustentado pelo conhecimento teórico, o uso de grupos indicadores fornece uma base científica fundamental para as tomadas de decisão no que concerne ao direcionamento de esforços para o estabelecimento de áreas visando a conservação da biodiversidade.
Downloads
References
Andelman, S. J. & W. F. Fagan. 2000. Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates or extensive mistakes? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97: 5954-5959.
Botta-Dukát, Z. 2005. Rao’s quadratic entropy as a measure of functional diversity based on multiple traits. J. Veg. Sci. 16: 533-540.
Cabeza, M. & A. Moilanem. 2001. Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16: 242-248.
Cardillo, M., G. M. Mace, J. L. Gittleman & A. Purvis. 2006. Latent extinction risk and the future battlegrounds of mammal conservation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103: 4157-4161.
Caro, T. M. & G. O’Doherty. 1999. On the use of surrogate species in conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 13: 805-814.
Carvalho, R. A., M. V. Cianciarus., J. Trindade-Filho, M. D. Sagnori & R. D. Loyola. (2010) Drafting a blueprint for functional and phylogenetic diversity conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado. Natl. Conserv. 8: 1-6.
Chase, J. M. 2003. Community assembly: when should history matter? Oecologia, 136: 489-498.
Devictor, V., D. Mouillot, C. Meynard, F. Jiguet, W. Thuiller & N. Mouquet. (2010) Spatial mismatch and congruence between taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity: the need for integrative conservation strategies in a changing world. Ecol. Letters, 13: 1030-1040.
Díaz, S. & M. Cabido. 2001. Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16: 646-655.
Ernst, R., K. E. Linsenmair & M. O. Rodel. 2006. Diversity erosion beyond the specie level: Dramatic loss of functional diversity after selective logging in two tropical amphibian communities. Biol. Conserv. 133: 143-155.
Faith, D. P. 1992. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol. Conserv. 61: 1-10.
Faith, D. P. 1994. Genetic diversity and taxonomic priorities for conservation. Biol. Conserv. 68: 69-74.
Faith, D. P. & P. A. Walker. 1996a. Environmental diversity: on the best-possible use of surrogate data for assessing the relative biodiversity of sets of areas. Biodiv. Conserv. 5: 399-415.
Faith, D. P. & P. A. Walker. 1996b. How do indicator groups provide information about the relative biodiversity of different sets of areas? On hotspots, complementarity and pattern-based approaches. Biodiv. Letters 3: 18-25.
Ferrier, S., R. L. Pressey & T. W. Barret. 2000. A new predictor of the irreplaceability of areas for achieving a conservation goal, its application to real-world planning, and a research agenda for further refinement. Biol. Conserv. 93: 303-325.
Flather, C. H., K. R. Wilson, D. J. Dean & W. C. McComb. 1997. Indentifying gaps in conservation networks: of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analyses. Ecol. Appl. 7: 531-542.
Fleishman, E., D. D. Murphy & P. F. Brussard. 2000. A new method for selection of umbrella species for conservation planning. Ecol. Appl. 10: 569-579.
Flynn, D. F. B, M. Gogol-Prokurat, T. Nogeire, N. Molinari, B. T. Richers, B. B. Lin, N. Simpson, M. M. Mayfield & F. DeClerck. 2008. Loss of functional diversity under land use intensification across multiple taxa. Ecol. Letters, 11: 1-12.
Grantham, H. S., R. L. Pressey, J. A. Wells & A. J. Beattie. 2010. Effectiveness of biodiversity surrogates for conservation panning: different measures of effectiveness generate a kaleidoscope of variation. PLoS ONE 5: e11430.
Grenyer, R., C. D. L. Orme, S. F. Jackson, G. H. Thomas, R. G. Davies, T. J. Davies, K. E. Jones, V. A. Olson, R. S. Ridgely, P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Ding, P. M. Bennett, T. M. Blackburn, K. J. Gaston, J. L. Gittleman & I. P. F. Owens. 2006. Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates. Nature, 444: 93-96.
Heard, S. B. & A. O. Mooers. 2000. Measuring the loss of evolutionary history from extinction: phylogenetically patterned speciation rates and extinction risks alter the calculus of biodiversity. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B, 267: 613-620.
Holdaway, R. J. & A. D. Sparrow. 2006. Assembly rules operating along a primary riverbed–grassland successional sequence. J. Ecol. 94: 1092-1102.
Howard, P. C., P. Viskanic, T. R. B. Davenport, F. W. Kigenyi, M. Baltzer, C. J. Dickinson, J. S. Lwanga, R. A. Matthews & A. Balmford. 1998. Complementarity and the use of indicator groups for reserve selection in Uganda. Nature, 394: 472-475.
Isaac, N. J. B., T. T. Samuel, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: Conservation Priorities Based on Threat and Phylogeny. PLoS ONE 2: e296.
Kier, G., H. Kreft, T. M. Lee, W. Jetz, P. L. Ibisch, C. Nowicki, J. Mutke & W. Barthlott. 2009. A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106: 9322-9327.
Kirkpatrick, S., C. D. Gellat Jr. & M. P. Vechi. 1983. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science, 220: 671-680.
Lamoreux, J. F., J. C. Morrison, T. H. Ricketts, D. M. Olson, E. Dinerstein, M. W. McKnight & H. H. Shugart. 2006. Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism. Nature, 440: 212-214.
Larsen, F. W., J. Bladt & C. Rahbek. 2009. Indicator taxa revisited: useful for conservation planning? Div. Distrib. 15: 70-79.
Lawler, J. J. & D. White. 2008. Assessing the mechanisms behind successful surrogates for biodiversity in conservation planning. Anim. Conserv. 11: 270-280.
Lawler, J. J., D. White, J. C. Sifneos & L. L. Master. 2003. Rare species and the use of indicator groups for conservation planning. Conserv. Biol. 17: 875-882.
Loreau, M., S. Naeem, P. Inchausti, J. Bengtsson, J. P. Grime, A. Hector, D. U. Hooper, M. A. Huston, D. Raffaelli, B. Schmid, D. Tilman & D. A. Wardle. 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 294: 804-808.
Loreau, M., A. Oteng-Yeboah, M. T. K. Arroyo, D. Babin, R. Barbault, M. Donoghue, M. Gadgil, C. Häuser, C. Heip, A. Larigauderie, K. Ma, G. Mace, H. A. Mooney, C. Perrings, P. Raven, J. Sarukham, P. Schei, R. J. Scholes & R. T. Watson. 2006. Diversity without representation. Nature, 442: 245-246.
Loyola, R. D. & T. M. Lewinsohn. 2009. Diferentes abordagens para a seleção de prioridades de conservação em um contexto macro-geográfico. Megadiversidade, 5: 29-42.
Loyola, R. D., U. Kubota, G. A. B. Fonseca & T. M. Lewinsohn. 2009. Key neotropical ecoregions for conservation of terrestrial vertebrates. Biodivers. Conserv. 18: 2017-2031.
Loyola, R. D., U. Kubota & T. M. Lewinsohn. 2007. Endemic vertebrates are the most effective surrogates for identifying conservation priorities among Brazilian ecoregions. Divers. Distrib. 13: 389-396.
Margules, C. R. & R. L. Pressey. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405: 243-253.
Margules, C. R. & S. Sarkar. 2007. Systematic conservation planning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Mason, N. W. H., K. MacGillivray, J. B. Steel & J. B. Wilson. 2003. An index of functional diversity. J. Veg. Sci. 14: 571-578.
May, R. M. 1990. Taxonomy as destiny. Nature, 347: 129-130.
McGill, B. J., Enquist, E. Weiher & M. Westoby. 2006. Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21: 178-185.
Mittermeier, R. A., P. R. Gil, M. Hoffman, J. Pilgrim, T. Brooks, C. G. Mittermeier, J. Lamoreux & G. A. B. Fonseca. 2004. Hotspots revisited: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. CEMEX, Mexico City.
Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. Fonseca & J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403: 853-858.
Naeem, S. 1998. Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conserv. Biol. 12: 39-45.
Nixon, K. C. & Q. D. Wheeler. 1992. Measures of phylogenetic diversity, p. 216–234. In: M. J. Novacek & Q. D. Wheeler (Eds), Extinction and phylogeny. New York, Columbia University Press.
Pavoine, S. & M. B. Bonsall. 2010. Measuring biodiversity to explain community assembly: a unified approach. Biol. Rev. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00171.x.
Pavoine, S., O. Sébastien & A. B. Dufour. 2005. Is the originality of a species measurable? Ecol. Letters, 8: 579–586.
Pearson, D. L. & F. Cassola. 1992. World-wide species richness patterns of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): indicator taxon for biodiversity and conservation studies. Conserv. Biol. 6: 376-391.
Pereira, H. M., P. W. Leadley, V. Proena, R. Alkemade, J. P. W. Scharlemann, J. F. Fernandez-Manjarrés, M. B. Araújo, P. Balvanera, R. Biggs, W. W. L. Cheung, L. Chini, H. D. Cooper, E. L. Gilman, S. Guénette, G. C. Hurtt, H. P. Huntington, G. M. Mace, T. Oberdorff, C. Revenga, P. Rodrigues, S. J. Scholes, U. R. Sumaila & M. Walpole. 2010. Scenarios for global biodiversity in the 21st century. Science, 330: 1496-1501.
Petchey, O. L. 2003. Integrating methods that investigate how complementarity influences ecosystem functioning. Oikos, 101: 323-330.
Petchey, O. L. & K. J. Gaston. 2002a. Extinction and the loss of functional diversity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269: 1721-1727.
Petchey, O. L. & K. J. Gaston. 2006. Functional diversity: back to basics and looking forward. Ecol. Letters, 9: 741-758.
Petchey, O. L. & K. J. Gaston. 2002b. Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecol. Letters, 5: 402-411.
Pimm, S. L., G. J. Russell, J. L. Gittleman & T. M. Brooks. 1995. The future of biodiversity. Science, 269: 347-350.
Pinto, M. P., J. A. F. Diniz-Filho, L. M. Bini, D. Blamires & T. F. L. V. B. Rangel. 2008. Biodiversity surrogate groups and conservation priority areas: birds of the Brazilian cerrado. Divers. Distrib. 14: 78-86.
Prendergast, J. R., R. M. Quinn, J. H. Lawton, B. C. Eversham & D. W. Gibbons. 1993. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature, 365: 335-337.
Pressey, R. L. 1994. Ad hoc reservations: forward and backward steps in developing representative reserve systems? Conserv. Biol. 8: 662-668.
Pressey, R. L., C. J. Humphries, C. R. Margules, R. I. Vane-Wright & P. H. Willians. 1993. Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 124-128.
Pressey, R. L., H. P. Possingham & C. R. Margules. 1996. Optimality in reserve selection algorithms: when does it matter and how much? Biol. Conserv. 76: 259-267.
Purvis, A. & A. Hector. 2000. Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature, 405: 212-219.
Reyers, R. L., A. S. Jaarsveld & M. Krüger. 2000. Complementary as a biodiversity indicator strategy. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B, 267: 505-513.
Ricketts, T. H., E. Dinerstein, D. M. Olsen & C. Loucks. 1999. Who’s where in North America? Patterns of species richness and the utility of indicator taxa for conservation. BioScience, 49: 369-381.
Ricotta, C. 2004. A parametric diversity measure combining the relative abundances and taxonomic distinctiveness of species. Divers. Distrib. 10: 143-146.
Ricotta, C. 2002. Measuring taxonomic diversity with parametric information functions. Comm. Ecol. 3: 95-99.
Rodrigues, A. S. L. & T. M. Brooks. 2007. Shortcuts for biodiversity conservation planning: the effectiveness of surrogates. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38: 713-737.
Ryti, R. T. 1992. Effect of focal taxon on the selection of nature reserves. Ecol. Appl. 2: 404-410.
Sarkar, S., J. Justus, T. Fuller, C. Kelley, J. Garson & M. Mayfield. 2005. Effectiveness of environmental surrogates for the selection of conservation area networks. Conserv. Biol. 19: 815-825.
Sarkar, S. & P. Illoldi-Rangel. 2010. Systematic conservation planning: an updated protocol. Natl. Conserv. 8: 19-26.
Sarkar, S., R. L. Pressey, D. P. Faith, C. R. Margules, T. Fuller, T. D. M. Stoms, A. Moffett, K. A. Wilson, K. J. Williams & S. Andelman. 2006. Biodiversity conservation planning tools: present status and challenges for the future. Ann. Rev. Environ. Res. 31: 123-159.
Tilman, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: A search for general principles. Ecology, 80: 1455-1474.
Tognelli, M. F. 2005. Assessing the utility of indicator groups for the conservation of South American terrestrial mammals. Biol. Conserv. 121: 409-417.
Turner, W. R., S. D. Wilcove & M. H. Swain. 2006. Assessing the effectiveness of reserve acquisition programs in protecting rare and threatened species. Conserv. Biol. 20: 1657-1669.
Vanderkam R. P., Y. F. Wiersma & D. J King. 2007. Heuristic algorithms vc. linear programs for designing efficient conservation reserve networks: evaluation of solution optimality and processing time. Biol. Conserv. 138: 349-358.
Vane-Wright, R. I., C. J. Humphries & P. H. Williams. 1991. What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice. Biol. Conserv. 55: 235-254.
Warman, L. D., A. R. E. Sinclair, G. C. E. Scudder, B. Klinkenberg & R. L. Pressey. 2004. Sensitivity of systematic reserve selection to decisions about scale, biological data, and targets: case study from southern British Colombia. Conserv. Biol. 18: 655-666.
Weiher, E. & P. Keddy. 1999. Ecological assembly rules. Perspectives, advances, re-treats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 418 p.
Williams, P., D. Faith, L. Manne, W. Sechrest & C. Preston. 2006. Complementarity analysis: Mapping the performance of surrogates for biodiversity. Biol. Conserv. 128: 253-264.
Williams, P. H., N. D. Burgess & C. Rahbek. 2000. Flagship species, ecological complementarity and conserving the diversity of mammals and birds in sub-Saharan Africa. Anim. Conserv. 3: 249-260.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The expontaneos submmition of the manuscript automaticaly implies in the cession of all patrimonial rights for the Journal of Neotropical Bilogy (RBN) after publication. The autor allow the right of first publication of the article to the RBN, under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) Licence.
There are garanties for the authors to the authorial and moral rights, for each one of the articles published by RBN, with permissions:
1. The use of article and contents for the education and researches.
2. The use of the article and their contents, linking to the Article on the web site of the RBN, allowing the divulgation on:
- institutional closed web (intranet).
- open access repositories.
3. Preparation and divulgation of the other publication derived from the article and its content, if there is citation of the original publication by RBN.
4. Make printed copies in small quatinties for personal use.