Ciclagem de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em ecossistemas de pastagem
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v25e-76743EResumo
Práticas inadequadas de manejo são os principais fatores que podem causar a degradação das pastagens, e um dos fatores chaves é entender a ciclagem de nutrientes nos ecossistemas de pastagem. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever os processos de ciclagem de nutrientes importantes em ecossistemas de pastagem (nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio), analisando as interações entre os componentes solo-planta-animal. Verificou-se que o uso de espécies de leguminosas forrageiras consorciadas com gramíneas é uma estratégia para aumentar o teor de nitrogênio no solo, minimizando os custos com adubação nitrogenada em pastagens campestres. Estrume e resíduos vegetais são as principais fontes orgânicas de fósforo e potássio. As perdas de nitrogênio nas pastagens ocorrem principalmente por lixiviação, escoamento superficial e volatilização. A adição de fósforo ao solo deve ser feita com cautela, pois há um aumento nas perdas de fósforo com o aumento de seu acúmulo no solo. O fósforo é muitas vezes devolvido ao solo longe do local onde foi consumido, de modo que a transferência de estoque representa uma perda nos ecossistemas de pastagem que pode representar aproximadamente 5% das entradas de fertilizantes fosfatados. As perdas de potássio ocorrem principalmente por lixiviação e escoamento superficial. A melhoria das práticas de manejo é essencial para uma ciclagem equilibrada de nutrientes em ecossistemas de pastagem.
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