Finding a home for the Ritxoko

the politics of heritage and repatriation

Authors

  • Luciana Lang Universidade de Manchester

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5216/hawo.v3.72391

Abstract

This paper reflects on the potential unfoldings of repatriating a collection of Ritxoko, the name given to the ceramic dolls made by the Iny Karajá people in Mato Grosso, in the interior of Brazil. The craftsmanship of the ceramic dolls and the knowledge that underpin their making is part of broader political and economic entanglements, including the effects of the process that listed their making as immaterial heritage. These relations are embedded in a moral economy that produces both heritage and commodity. The analysis invites a reflection on the resignification of heritage as part of the process of decolonising museums, and finally argues for repatriation as a method. In the process, new forms of curatorship that addresses the colonial past and environmental futures could be co-produced by a range of social actors, with Ritxoko makers as key protagonists.

Author Biography

Luciana Lang, Universidade de Manchester

I am a potter turned anthropologist with an ongoing interest in socio-natural entanglements. By favouring a political-ecological framing, I investigate community use of resources and management of the commons, from mangroves to public parks. In the process, I explore people’s homespun strategies to cope with the socio-economic effects of life in capitalist ruins.

Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Chang Whan, Rosani Moreira Leitão, and Manuel Lima Filho for their generosity in sharing their valuable knowledge of the Ritxoko and of the Iny Karajá culture with me, and to Manuelina Maria Duarte Cândido for inviting me to write this reflection. As someone who has crafted with clay, I have deep admiration for the work made by the master Iny Karajá ceramicists and gratitude for the impact of their work on my senses. I have never met them but the Ritxoko has forged a deep connection between us. A heartfelt thanks to Toni, who first introduced me to the Ritxoko.

References

ABREU R.; CHAGAS, M. O patrimônio como categoria de pensamento. Rio de Janeiro: Lamparina; 2009.

ANDERSON, B. Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso, 1983.

BEAR, L. et al. Gens: a feminist manifesto for the study of capitalism. Cultural Anthropology website [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://culanth.org/fieldsights/652-gens-a-feminist-manifes to-for-the-study-of-capitalism. Accessed on: 11 out. 2021.

BENJAMIN, W. The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. London: Penguin. 2008 [1935].

BENJAMIN, W. The storyteller: reflections on the works of Nikolai Leskov. In: Illuminations. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1968 [1936]. p. 83–110.

BOLTON, L. An ethnography of repatriation: engagements with Erromango, Vanuatu. In: The international handbooks of museum studies: museum transformations. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.

CAMPOS, S. L. Bonecas Karajá: apenas um brinquedo? Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, 2002.

CHAUÍ, M. Cidade cultural: o direito à cultura. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2006.

CORONIL, F. The magical state: nature, money, and modernity in Venezuela. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

DUARTE CÂNDIDO, M.M. Nem tudo está perdido! Coleções de Ritxoko em museus da Alemanha. In: Tesouros Iny-Karajá. Goiânia: CEGRAF UFG, 2021.

EIZENBERG, E. Actually existing commons: three moments of space of community gardens in New York City. Antipode, v. 44, n.3, p. 764–82, 2011.

ESCOBAR, A. Constructing nature: elements for a poststructural political ecology. In: Liberation ecologies: environment, development, social movements. London: Routledge, p. 172-196, 1996.

FARIA, L. de C. A figura humana na arte dos índios karajá. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 1959.

FARÍAS, I. The politics of urban assemblages. City: analysis of urban trends, culture, theory, policy, action, v. 15, n. 3–4, p. 365–374, 2011.

FÉNELON COSTA, M. H. A arte e o artista na sociedade Karajá. Fundação Nacional do Indio, Departamento Geral de Planejamento Comunitário, Divisão de Estudos e Pesquisa, 1978.

FÉNELON COSTA, M. H.; MALHANO, H. B. Habitação indígena brasileira. In: SUMA Etnológica Brasileira. Editora Vozes, 1986. Updated Version of the Handbook of South American Indians.

FOUCAULT, M. The birth of bio-politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

GALLOIS, D. T. Donos, detentores e usuários da arte gráfica Kusiwa. Revista de Antropologia da USP, v. 55, n. 1, 2012.

GEISMAR, H. Anthropology and heritage regimes. Annual Review of Anthropology, v. 44, p. 71–85, 2015.

GELL, A. Art and agency : an anthropological theory. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.

GONÇALVES, J. R. S. O patrimônio como categoria de pensamento. In: Memória e patrimônio : ensaios contemporâneos. Rio de Janeiro: Lamparina; p. 25–33, 2009.

GONZALEZ, A. From a given to a construct. Cultural Studies, v. 28, n. 3, p. 359–390, 2014.

GOULD, S. J.; LEWONTIN, R.C. The spandrels of San Marco and the panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, v. 205, n. 1161, p. 581–598, 1979.

GRAMSCI, A. Hegemony, intellectuals and the state. In: Cultural theory and popular culture: a reader, edited by John Storey, University of Georgia Press, 1998.

HALL, S. Whose heritage? Un settling ‘the heritage’, reimagining the postnation. Third Text, v.13, n.49, p. 3–13, 2005.

HARDIN, G. The tragedy of the commons. Science, v. 162, n. 3859, p. 1243–8, 1968.

HARRISON, R. Beyond “natural” and “cultural” heritage: toward an ontological politics of heritage in the age of anthropocene. Heritage & Society, v. 8, n. 1:24–42, 2015.

HARRISON, R. Heritage futures. Archaeology International, v. 19, p. 68–72, 2016.

HARRISON, R. et al. Heritage futures: comparative approaches to natural and cultural heritage practices. London: UCL Press, 2020.

HARVEY, D. Heritage pasts and heritage presents: temporality, meaning and the scope of heritage studies. International Journal of Heritage Studies, v. 7, n.4, p. 319–38, 2001.

HERZFELD, M. Pride and perjury: time and the oath in the mountain villages of Crete. Man, v. 25, n. 2, p. 305–22, 1990.

INGOLD, T. Bringing things to life: creative entanglements in a world of materials. Realities, Working paper #15,1–14, 2010.

KRENAK, A. Ideias para adiar o fim do mundo. Companhia das Letras, 2019.

LANDAU, R. Negative/positive combination printing. The British Journal of Photography, 1977.

LANG, L. Simulating fisherfolk and performing heritage through ritual, history, and nostalgia. International Journal of Heritage Studies, v.2, n. 7, p. 628–42. 2017.

LANG, L. Making and enabling the commons: shared urban spaces and civic engagement in North Manchester. In: Realising the city: urban ethnography in Manchester. Manchester University

Pres, 2018. p. 107–28.

LIMA FILHO, M.F. O desencanto do oeste. Editora da UCG, 2001.

LIMA FILHO, M. F.; SILVA, T. C. A arte de saber fazer grafismo nas bonecas Karajá. Horizontes Antropológicos, v. 18, n. 38, p. 45–74, 2012.

LIMA FILHO, M.F. Patrimonial citizenship. Vibrant, v. 16, p. 1–13, 2015.

LIMA FILHO, M. F.; ANDRADE, R. Imagens, tempos e classificações: do (re)conhecer ao retorno dos objetos museais para a aldeia. In: Tesouros Iny-Karajá. Goiania: CEGRAF UFG; 2021.

LINEBAUGH, P. The magna carta manifesto: liberties and commons for all. University of California Press, 2009.

LOFTUS, A. Political ecology I: where is political ecology? Progress in Human Geography, v. 43, n. 1, p. 172–82, 2019.

LOWENTHAL, D. Possessed by the past: the heritage crusade and the spoils of History. New York: Free Press. 1996.

LOWENTHAL, D. Natural and cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, v. 11, n. 1, p. 81–92, 2005.

OSTROM, E. Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

POLANYI, K. The great transformation. Boston: Beacon Press; 1957.

SANDELL, R. Museums, prejudice and the reframing of difference. London: Routledge, 2007.

SIMÕES, M. F., et al. Cerâmica Karajá e outras notas etnográficas. [Goiânia]: UCG Editora, 1992.

SMITH, L. Uses of heritage. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.

SPIVAK, G. C. Can the Subaltern Speak?. In: Marxism and the interpretation of culture. University of Illinois Press, 1988. p. 271–313.

STRONZA, A.L. Commons management and ecotourism: ethnographic evidence from the Amazon. International Journal of the Commons, v. 4, n. 1, p. 56–77, 2010.

TAVEIRA, E. Etnografia da cesta Karajá. [Goiânia]: Universidade Federal de Goiás, 1982.

THOMPSON, E.P. The moral economy of the english crowd in the eighteenth century. Past & Present, v. 50, p. 76–136, 1971.

TONKIN, E. Narrating our pasts: the social construction of oral History. Cambridge University Press, 1992.

TSING, A.L. The mushroom at the end of the world: on the possibility of life in capitalist ruins. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2015.

TUCK, E.; K. W. YANG. Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decoloni- zation: Indigeneity, Education & Society, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1–40, 2012.

WHAN, C. Ritxoko: a voz visual das ceramistas Karajá. Doctorate thesis: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2010.

WUST, I. A cerâmica Karajá de Aruanã. Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, v. 2, p. 91–165, 1975.

Published

2022-11-04 — Updated on 2023-01-24

Versions

How to Cite

LANG, L. Finding a home for the Ritxoko: the politics of heritage and repatriation. Hawò, Goiânia, v. 3, p. 1–36, 2023. DOI: 10.5216/hawo.v3.72391. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufg.br/hawo/article/view/72391. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.

Issue

Section

"Ritxoko is gold!"