Violence throughout life, during pregnancy, and the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v27.77318Keywords:
Violence Against Women, COVID-19, Pregnant People, Intimate Partner ViolenceAbstract
Objective: to identify the frequency and types of intimate partner violence against women throughout life, during pregnancy, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted in a low-risk maternity hospital in Espirito Santo, Brazil, between August and December 2021. Data were collected using a socioeconomic questionnaire and an instrument to screen for violence variables (World Health Organization). Results: a total of 512 postpartum women participated, of whom 49% were victims of intimate partner violence throughout their lives. Psychological violence was the most frequent (45.5%), followed by physical (31.4%) and sexual (13.7%). The prevalence of violence during pregnancy was 10.0%, with psychological (7.2%) and physical (4.1%) violence predominating. Approximately 15% of the participants experienced intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Women with a history of violence throughout their lives perceived an increase in the frequency (67.3%) and intensity (68.9%) of violence during the pandemic. Conclusion: there are high rates of intimate partner violence against women throughout life and during pregnancy. Additionally, violence escalated in both frequency and intensity during the COVID-19 pandemic, with psychological violence being the most frequent.
Downloads
References
Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R, editors. World report on violence and health. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. 2002 Oct 3 [cited 2023 Sept 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545615
Sardinha L, Maheu-Giroux M, Stöckl H, Meyer SR, García-Moreno C. Global, regional and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018. Lancet. 2022 Feb 6;399(10327):803-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02664-7
Fiorotti KF, Amorim MHC, Lima EFA, Primo CC, Moura MAV, Leite FMC. Prevalência e fatores associados à violência doméstica: estudo em uma maternidade de alto risco. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2018 Sept 13;27(3):e0810017. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018000810017
Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA). Objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Sept 19]. Available from: https://www.ipea.gov.br/ods/
World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 and violence Against women – What the health sector/system can do [Internet]. 2020 Apr 7 [cited 2023 Sept 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/covid-19-and-violence-against-women
Nascimento EF, Gomes R, Rebello LEFS. Violência é coisa de homem? A “naturalização” da violência nas falas de homens jovens. Ciênc. saúde coletiva. 2009 Oct 27;14(4):1151-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000400021
Marques ES, Moraes CL, Hasselmann MH, Deslandes SF, Reichenheim ME. A violência contra mulheres, crianças e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia pela COVID-19: Panorama, motivações e formas de enfrentamento. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020 Apr 30;36(4):e00074420. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00074420
García-Moreno C, Hegarty K, D’Oliveira AFL, Koziol-McLain J, Colombini M, Feder G. The health-systems response to violence against women. Lancet. 2014 Nov 21;385(9977):1567-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61837-7
Buleriano LP, Silva RP, Fiorotti KF, Almeida APSC, Leite FMC. Os impactos da violência vivenciada na gestação na saúde da mulher: uma revisão de literatura. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Saúde. 2023 Mar 06;24(2):125-34. https://doi.org/10.47456/rbps.v24i2.31543
Audi CAF, Segall-Corrêa AM, Santiago SM, Andrade MGG, Pèrez-Escamila R. Violence against pregnant women: prevalence and associated factors. Rev Saúde Pública. 2008 July 31;42(5):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102008005000041
Leite FMC, Amorim MHC, Wehrmeister FC, Gigante DP. Violence against women, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2017;51(33):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051006815
Leite FMC, Venturin B, Ribeiro LEP, Silva RP, Alves ML, Wehrmeister FC, et al. Intimate partner violence against women during covid-19: A population-based study in Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. PLoS ONE. 2023 Dec 20;18(12):e0295340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295340
Malta M, Cardoso LO, Bastos FI, Magnanini MMF, Silva CMFP. Iniciativa STROBE: subsídios para a comunicação de estudos observacionais. Rev Saúde Pública. 2020 Jun 11;44(3):559-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000300021
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Cidades – Espírito Santo [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Sept 19]. Available from: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/es/panorama
Schraiber LB, Latorre MRD, França I Jr, Segri NJ, D’Oliveira AFPL. Validade do instrumento WHO VAW STUDY para estimar violência de gênero contra a mulher. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010 Jul 26;44(4):658-66. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400009
Silva RP, Leite FMC. Violências por parceiro íntimo na gestação: prevalências e fatores associados. Rev Saúde Pública. 2020 Dec 14;54:97. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002103
Stiller M, Bärnighausen T, Wilson ML. Intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Kenya: forms, perpetrators and associations. BMC Women’s Health. 2022 Jun 22;22(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01761-7
D’Oliveira AFPL, Diniz SG, Schraiber LB. Violence against women in health-care institutions: an emerging problem. Lancet. 2002 May 11;359(9318):1681-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08592-6
Leite FMC, Luis MA, Amorim MHC, Maciel ELN, Gigante DP. Violência contra a mulher e sua associação com o perfil do parceiro íntimo: estudo com usuárias da atenção primária. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2019 Dec 5;22:E190056. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720190056
Schraiber LB, D’Oliveira AFPL, França Jr I, Diniz S, Portella AP, Ludermir AB, et al. Prevalência da violência contra a mulher por parceiro íntimo em regiões do Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2007 Oct 2;41(5):797-807. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102007000500014
Conceição HN, Dantas JR, Oliveira YGM, Cardoso GGS, Silva BA, Silva EVS, et al. Intimate partner violence against women in the COVID-19 pandemic: magnitude and associated factors. Res Soc Dev. 2021 Sept 25;10(12):e397101220469. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20469
Bezerra CC, Jamison KG. Modelos cognitivos idealizados: categorização e conceitualização da violência por estudantes brasileiros da UNILAB-CE. Mandiga - Revista de Estudos Linguísticos [Internet]. 2021 Jul 20 [cited 2023 Sep 20];5(1):48-66. Available from: https://revistas.unilab.edu.br/index.php/mandinga/article/view/678
Alhusen JL, Ray E, Sharps P, Bullock L. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: Maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Womens Health. 2015 Jan 21;24(1):100-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4872
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). Progress of the world’s women: In pursuit of justice 2011-2012 [Internet]. New York: UN Women; 2011 [cited 2023 Sep 20]. 166p. Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2011/7/progress-of-the-world-s-women-in-pursuit-of-justice
Santos IB, Leite FMC, Amorim MHC, Maciel PMA, Gigante DP. Violência contra a mulher na vida: Estudo entre usuárias da atenção primária. Ciênc. saúde coletiva. 2020 May 8;25(5):1935:46. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020255.19752018
Conserve DF, Whembolua GLS, Surkan PJ. Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence and Associations With Condom Use Among Men in Haiti: An Analysis of the Nationally Representative Demographic Health Survey. J Interpers Violence. 2014 Dec 26;31(6):989-1006. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514564065
Stock TO, Gonsales ML, Guimarães SS, Costa AB. Violência contra as mulheres na pandemia de Covid-19: uma revisão sistemática. Physis. 2024 Jul 15;34:e34037. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-7331202434037pt
Santana MS, Santos RS, Barreto ACM, Mouta RJO, Borges SCS. Vulnerabilidade feminina a violência física no período da pandemia de COVID-19. Rev Enferm UERJ. 2022 Oct 10;30(1):e65076. https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2022.65076
Senado Federal. Violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher – 2021. Data Senado [Internet]. Brasília (BR): Senado Federal; 2021 Dec 9 [cited 2023 Sept 20]. Available from: https://www12.senado.leg.br/institucional/datasenado/publicacaodatasenado?id=violencia-domestica-e-familiar-contra-a-mulher-2021
Pattojoshi A, Sidana A, Garg S, Mishra SN, Singh LK, Goyal N, et al. Staying home is NOT ‘staying safe’: a rapid 8-day online survey on spousal violence against women during the COVID-19 lockdown in Índia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 Nov 22;75(2):64-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13176
Vieira PR, Garcia LP, Maciel ELN. Isolamento social e o aumento da violência doméstica: o que isso nos revela? Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2020 Apr 22;23:E200033. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720200033
Cortat EN, Campos S, Ridolphi AC. Isolamento social e violência doméstica: a situação da violência contra a mulher em tempos de pandemia. In: Anais do 10º Congresso Internacional Interdisciplinar em Sociais e Humanidades, 2021, Niterói, Brasil [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Sept 12]. Available from: https://www.even3.com.br/anais/xc22021/433508-isolamento-social-e-violencia-domestica--a-situacao-da-violencia-contra-a-mulher-em-tempos-de-pandemia/
Lourenço SS, Polidoro M, Pilotto LM, Martins AB. Notifications of sexual violence against children and adolescents in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2014-2018. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde. 2023 July 14;32(2):e2022853. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2237-96222023000200004
Conceição HN, Madeiro AP. Profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária e violência contra a mulher: revisão sistemática. Rev baiana enferm. 2022 Jan 25;36:e37854. https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v36.37854
Lima JCV, Santos RC, Silva JC, Silva RSC, Souto CMRM, Souto RQ, et al. Rastreio e encaminhamento de casos de violência contra a mulher por enfermeiras na estratégia saúde da família. Cogitare enferm. 2020 Mar 30;25:e65579. https://doi.org/10.5380/ce.v25i0.65579
Zuchi CZ, Silva EB, Costa MC, Arboit J, Fontana DGR, Honnef F, et al. Violência contra as mulheres: concepções de profissionais da estratégia saúde da família acerca da escuta. REME - Rev Min Enferm. 2018 July 10;22:e-1085. https://doi.org/10.5935/1415-2762.20180015
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2025-08-15 (2)
- 2025-05-13 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
